Breathing apparatuses are critical safety equipment onboard ships, providing a lifesaving air supply in environments filled with toxic smoke or hazardous gases. The maritime industry faces unique challenges, and understanding the types, maintenance, and usage protocols of breathing apparatuses is essential for enhancing safety during onboard emergencies. This article explores the various types of breathing apparatuses, their components, maintenance practices, and protocols for effective use in emergencies.
The Importance of Breathing Apparatuses
Fires and chemical spills are among the most dangerous situations that can occur on ships. According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), shipboard fires account for a significant percentage of marine casualties, leading to loss of life and property. In such emergencies, breathable air is crucial for survival. Breathing apparatuses provide crew members with a safe air supply, enabling them to perform rescue operations or evacuate safely from hazardous environments.Two primary types of breathing apparatuses are commonly used onboard ships: Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) and Emergency Escape Breathing Devices (EEBD). Each serves a specific purpose and is designed for different scenarios.
Types of Breathing Apparatuses
1. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)SCBAs are designed for prolonged use in hazardous environments, providing an independent air supply from high-pressure cylinders. They are primarily used in firefighting, rescue operations, and situations where the atmosphere is contaminated with toxic gases or smoke.
- Components: An SCBA typically consists of:
- Air Cylinders: These hold compressed air (approximately 1240 liters at 200-atmosphere pressure), providing around 30 minutes of breathable air under normal conditions.
- Harness: A system to secure the cylinders on the user’s back.
- Regulator: This reduces the pressure of the air from the cylinder to a breathable level.
- Facemask: A mask that covers the face and provides a seal to prevent contaminants from entering.
- Types: There are two main types of SCBA:
- Open Circuit SCBA: Exhaled air is released into the atmosphere. This type is most commonly used on ships.
- Closed Circuit SCBA: Recycles exhaled air by removing carbon dioxide and adding oxygen; suitable for shorter operations.
2. Emergency Escape Breathing Devices (EEBD)EEBDs are designed for short-term use during emergencies where immediate evacuation is necessary. They provide a limited supply of breathable air for escape from hazardous areas.
- Components: EEBDs are generally smaller and lighter than SCBAs, making them easier to carry during evacuations. They typically include:
- Air Supply: A small cylinder or canister that provides enough air for about 15 to 30 minutes.
- Mask: A simple mask that covers the mouth and nose.
Maintenance of Breathing Apparatuses
Proper maintenance is vital to ensure that breathing apparatuses function correctly when needed. Regular inspections and adherence to maintenance protocols can prevent equipment failure during emergencies.1. Routine InspectionsCrew members should conduct routine inspections of all breathing apparatuses at least once a month. This includes checking:
- Air Cylinders: Ensure they are fully charged and free from damage or corrosion.
- Regulators and Valves: Test for leaks and ensure they operate smoothly.
- Facemasks: Inspect for cracks or tears in the material that could compromise the seal.
2. Cleaning ProceduresAfter each use, especially in hazardous conditions, breathing apparatuses should be cleaned according to manufacturer guidelines. This typically involves:
- Rinsing masks with warm water to remove contaminants.
- Wiping down harnesses and cylinders with disinfectant wipes.
- Storing equipment in a clean, dry environment away from direct sunlight.
3. Certification ChecksBreathing apparatuses must be regularly certified according to industry standards. This includes checking:
- The pressure levels in air cylinders.
- The functionality of regulators and alarms.
- Compliance with SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) regulations regarding emergency equipment.
Usage Protocols During Emergencies
Understanding how to properly use breathing apparatuses during emergencies is critical for crew safety. Following established protocols ensures that personnel can respond effectively when faced with dangerous situations.1. Donning ProceduresWhen preparing to enter a hazardous area:
- Ensure all components are functioning correctly through pre-use checks.
- Put on the harness securely, ensuring that it fits comfortably without restricting movement.
- Attach the air cylinder securely to the harness if not already pre-attached.
- Seal the facemask properly around the face to prevent leaks.
2. CommunicationWhile using SCBAs or EEBDs, communication can be challenging due to restricted airflow and noise levels. Crew members should:
- Use hand signals or visual cues when verbal communication is not possible.
- Maintain close proximity to ensure effective teamwork during firefighting or evacuation efforts.
3. Monitoring Air SupplyDuring operations using an SCBA, it is crucial to monitor the remaining air supply continually:
- Be aware of warning signals indicating low air pressure—most SCBAs have an audible alarm that activates when approximately 10 minutes of air remain.
- Plan exit strategies based on remaining air supply; always prioritize returning to fresh air before exhausting available oxygen.
Case Studies Highlighting Effective Use
Several incidents demonstrate the importance of proper training and equipment maintenance regarding breathing apparatus usage:
- MV Rena Incident (2011): During this maritime disaster off New Zealand’s coast, crew members utilized SCBAs effectively while combating fires caused by cargo spillage. Their training enabled them to manage smoke-filled environments successfully until professional firefighting teams arrived.
- Ferry Fire in Sweden (2013): A fire broke out on a ferry carrying passengers across the Baltic Sea. Crew members donned EEBDs quickly as they evacuated passengers through smoke-filled corridors, ensuring everyone reached safety without inhaling toxic fumes.
These incidents underscore how well-maintained breathing apparatuses and trained personnel can significantly reduce risks associated with onboard fires or chemical spills.
✅ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What is the difference between SCBA and EEBD?
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) is used for extended operations in hazardous environments, providing around 30 minutes of breathable air, mainly for firefighting or rescue.
Emergency Escape Breathing Devices (EEBD) are for short-term evacuation only, offering 15–30 minutes of air supply in emergencies.
2. Are breathing apparatuses mandatory onboard ships?
Yes. According to SOLAS Chapter II-2, SCBAs and EEBDs are mandatory on all cargo and passenger ships. The number and location depend on ship type, size, and crew.
3. How often should breathing apparatuses be inspected or certified?
SCBAs and EEBDs should undergo monthly visual inspections, annual servicing, and hydrostatic testing of air cylinders every 5 years. Certification should comply with IMO and flag state standards.
4. Can crew members reuse breathing apparatuses after use?
Yes, but only after proper cleaning, inspection, and recharging of air cylinders. If damaged or exposed to harsh chemicals, components may require replacement.
5. What are common mistakes in using SCBAs during onboard emergencies?
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Not checking the air pressure before use
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Poor mask sealing
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Delayed donning due to lack of training
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Ignoring audible low-air alarms
🔗 References
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📌 Final Thoughts
Breathing apparatuses—particularly SCBAs and EEBDs—are non-negotiable life-saving tools onboard modern ships. Proper training, storage, and inspection routines are essential to ensure that these systems function when seconds matter most.
By integrating emergency preparedness into regular safety culture, maritime professionals can significantly reduce the risk of fatalities during onboard fires, gas leaks, or chemical spills. Safety begins with knowledge—and equipment that works.